This definition of MCI is consistent with the diagnostic category, mild neurocognitive disorder (mild NCD), as defined in the DSM-5 (APA, 2013). Unlike dementia, the cognitive decline associated with MCI does not interfere with independence in everyday activities (see, e.g., McKhann et al., 2011). See section in this Portal page on modifiable risk factors. Early identification of MCI might enable the use of cognitive interventions to slow the progression of decline (Qualls, 2005). MCI is described as an “intermediate stage of cognitive impairment that is often, but not always, a transitional phase from cognitive changes in normal ageing to those typically found in dementia” (Petersen et al., 2014, p. This subjective cognitive decline is associated with an increased risk of progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia (Jessen et al., 2014). Some older adults report a decline in cognitive abilities that may not be evident upon objective cognitive testing (Jessen et al., 2014). There is evidence that neuropathological changes occur well in advance of clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's dementia (Bennett et al., 2006), and subtle cognitive deficits occur up to 9 years prior to the diagnosis (Amieva et al., 2005).
chronic traumatic encephalopathy due to repeated trauma (e.g., dementia pugilistica).Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome secondary to chronic alcohol abuse.Other conditions that may result in dementia due to progressive changes in brain function include Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-Pick's disease (behavioral variant) and primary progressive aphasia (language variant).Vascular pathology (e.g., multi-infarct dementia).Alzheimer's disease (leading cause of dementia).The following are common neurodegenerative diseases that cause dementia. Unlike these conditions, the symptoms associated with dementia continue to progress in severity until death (see, e.g., Bourgeois & Hickey, 2009). pseudodementia due to psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, mania, conversion disorders).hormonal dysfunction (e.g., thyroid problems) and.metabolic disorders (e.g., kidney failure).toxicity (e.g., drug-induced dementia, toxic metal exposure).infections (e.g., urinary tract infection, meningitis, syphilis).Other conditions that have inconsistent symptoms or are temporary and/or treatable, including.Delirium-an acute state of confusion associated with temporary, but reversible, cognitive impairments (Mahendra & Hopper, 2013).cognitive deficits are not better explained by other mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder or schizophrenia (APA, 2013).īehavioral problems (e.g., paranoia, hallucinations, and repetitiousness) may also develop as a result of the neuropathology and may interfere with communication.Ĭognitive and behavioral symptoms of dementia are differentiated from those of temporary or treatable conditions, including the following:.cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of delirium and.cognitive deficits interfere with independence in everyday activities.a significant decline from previous levels of performance in one or more cognitive domains, including complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual motor, or social cognition (preferably documented by standardized testing or clinical assessment).The diagnostic criteria for major NCD are
#SPECTOR PRO 2009 MANUAL#
This definition is consistent with the diagnostic category, major neurocognitive disorder (major NCD), as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–5th Edition (DSM-5 American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It is characterized by a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive domains that, when severe enough, interferes with daily living and independent functioning. See the Dementia Evidence Map for summaries of the available research on this topic.ĭementia is a syndrome resulting from acquired brain disease.
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